cfortran.doc  4.3
http://www-zeus.desy.de/~burow/cfortran/
Burkhard Burow  burow@desy.de                 1990 - 2001.

              cfortran.h :  Interfacing C or C++ and FORTRAN

Supports: Alpha and VAX VMS, Alpha OSF, DECstation and VAX Ultrix, IBM RS/6000, 
          Silicon Graphics, Sun, CRAY, Apollo, HP9000, LynxOS, Convex, Absoft,
          f2c, g77, NAG f90, PowerStation Fortran with Visual C++, NEC SX-4,
          Portland Group.

C and C++ are generally equivalent as far as cfortran.h is concerned.
Unless explicitly noted otherwise, mention of C implicitly includes C++.
C++ compilers tested include: 
  SunOS> CC +p +w      # Clean compiles.
  IRIX>  CC            # Clean compiles.
  IRIX>  CC -fullwarn  # Still some warnings to be overcome.
  GNU>   g++ -Wall     # Compiles are clean, other than warnings for unused
                       #   cfortran.h static routines.

N.B.: The best documentation on interfacing C or C++ and Fortran is in
      the chapter named something like 'Interfacing C and Fortran'
      to be found in the user's guide of almost every Fortran compiler.
      Understanding this information for one or more Fortran compilers
      greatly clarifies the aims and actions of cfortran.h.
      Such a chapter generally also addresses issues orthogonal to cfortran.h,
      for example the order of array indices, the index of the first element,
      as well as compiling and linking issues.


0 Short Summary of the Syntax Required to Create the Interface
--------------------------------------------------------------

e.g. Prototyping a FORTRAN subroutine for C:

/* PROTOCCALLSFSUBn is optional for C, but mandatory for C++. */

                 PROTOCCALLSFSUB2(SUB_NAME,sub_name,STRING,PINT)
#define SUB_NAME(A,B) CCALLSFSUB2(SUB_NAME,sub_name,STRING,PINT, A,B)

                                ^     -                                       -
       number of arguments _____|    |   STRING   BYTE    PBYTE       BYTEV(..)|
                                  /  |   STRINGV  DOUBLE  PDOUBLE   DOUBLEV(..)|
                                 /   |  PSTRING   FLOAT   PFLOAT     FLOATV(..)|
        types of arguments ____ /    | PNSTRING   INT     PINT         INTV(..)|
                                \    | PPSTRING   LOGICAL PLOGICAL LOGICALV(..)|
                                 \   |  PSTRINGV  LONG    PLONG       LONGV(..)|
                                  \  |   ZTRINGV  SHORT   PSHORT     SHORTV(..)|
                                     |  PZTRINGV  ROUTINE PVOID      SIMPLE    |
                                      -                                       -


e.g. Prototyping a FORTRAN function for C:
/* PROTOCCALLSFFUNn is mandatory for both C and C++. */
PROTOCCALLSFFUN1(INT,FUN_NAME,fun_name,STRING)
#define FUN_NAME(A)  CCALLSFFUN1(FUN_NAME,fun_name,STRING, A)

e.g. calling FUN_NAME from C:    {int a; a = FUN_NAME("hello");}


e.g. Creating a FORTRAN-callable wrapper for
     a C function returning void, with a 7 dimensional integer array argument:
     [Not supported from C++.]
FCALLSCSUB1(csub_name,CSUB_NAME,csub_name,INTVVVVVVV)


e.g. Creating a FORTRAN-callable wrapper for other C functions:
FCALLSCFUN1(STRING,cfun_name,CFUN_NAME,cfun_name,INT)
           [ ^-- BYTE, DOUBLE, FLOAT, INT, LOGICAL, LONG, SHORT, VOID  
             are other types returned by functions.       ]
       

e.g. COMMON BLOCKs:
FORTRAN:                         common /fcb/  v,w,x
                                 character *(13) v, w(4), x(3,2)
C:
typedef struct { char v[13],w[4][13],x[2][3][13]; } FCB_DEF;
#define FCB COMMON_BLOCK(FCB,fcb)
COMMON_BLOCK_DEF(FCB_DEF,FCB);
FCB_DEF FCB;    /* Define, i.e. allocate memory, in exactly one *.c file. */

e.g. accessing FCB in C:          printf("%.13s",FCB.v);



I Introduction
--------------

cfortran.h is an easy-to-use powerful bridge between C and FORTRAN.
It provides a completely transparent, machine independent interface between
C and FORTRAN routines (= subroutines and/or functions) and global data,
i.e. structures and COMMON blocks.

The complete cfortran.h package consists of 4 files: the documentation in
cfortran.doc, the engine cfortran.h, examples in cfortest.c and 
cfortex.f/or. [cfortex.for under VMS, cfortex.f on other machines.]

The cfortran.h package continues to be developed. The most recent version is
available via www at http://www-zeus.desy.de/~burow/cfortran/

The examples may be run using one of the following sets of instructions:

N.B. Unlike earlier versions, cfortran.h 3.0 and later versions
     automatically uses the correct ANSI ## or pre-ANSI /**/
     preprocessor operator as required by the C compiler.

N.B. As a general rule when trying to determine how to link C and Fortran,
     link a trivial Fortran program using the Fortran compilers verbose option,
     in order to see how the Fortran compiler drives the linker. e.g.
       unix> cat f.f
                END
       unix> f77 -v f.f
       .. lots of info. follows ...

N.B. If using a C main(), i.e. Fortran PROGRAM is not entry of the executable,
     and if the link bombs with a complaint about
     a missing "MAIN" (e.g. MAIN__, MAIN_, f90_main or similar),
     then Fortran has hijacked the entry point to the executable
     and wishes to call the rest of the executable via "MAIN".
     This can usually be satisfied by doing e.g. 'cc -Dmain=MAIN__ ...'
     but often kills the command line arguments in argv and argc.
     The f77 verbose option, usually -v, may point to a solution.
     

RS/6000> # Users are strongly urged to use f77 -qextname and cc -Dextname
RS/6000> # Use -Dextname=extname if extname is a symbol used in the C code.
RS/6000> xlf -c -qextname cfortex.f
RS/6000> cc  -c -Dextname cfortest.c
RS/6000> xlf -o cfortest cfortest.o cfortex.o && cfortest 

DECFortran> #Only DECstations with DECFortran for Ultrix RISC Systems.
DECFortran> cc -c -DDECFortran cfortest.c
DECFortran> f77 -o cfortest cfortest.o cfortex.f  &&  cfortest

IRIX xxxxxx 5.2 02282015 IP20 mips
MIPS> # DECstations and Silicon Graphics using the MIPS compilers.
MIPS> cc -o cfortest cfortest.c cfortex.f -lI77 -lU77 -lF77  &&  cfortest
MIPS> # Can also let f77 drive linking, e.g.
MIPS> cc -c cfortest.c
MIPS> f77 -o cfortest cfortest.o cfortex.f  &&  cfortest

Apollo> # Some 'C compiler 68K Rev6.8' break. [See Section II o) Notes: Apollo]
Apollo> f77 -c cfortex.f && cc -o cfortest cfortest.c cfortex.o  &&  cfortest

VMS> define lnk$library sys$library:vaxcrtl
VMS> cc cfortest.c
VMS> fortran cfortex.for
VMS> link/exec=cfortest cfortest,cfortex
VMS> run cfortest

OSF1 xxxxxx V3.0 347 alpha
Alpha/OSF> # Probably better to let cc drive linking, e.g.
Alpha/OSF> f77 -c cfortex.f
Alpha/OSF> cc  -o cfortest cfortest.c cfortex.o -lUfor -lfor -lFutil -lots -lm
Alpha/OSF> cfortest
Alpha/OSF> # Else may need 'cc -Dmain=MAIN__' to let f77 drive linking.

Sun> # Some old cc(1) need a little help. [See Section II o) Notes: Sun]
Sun> f77 -o cfortest cfortest.c cfortex.f -lc -lm  &&  cfortest
Sun> # Some older f77 may require 'cc -Dmain=MAIN_'.

CRAY> cft77 cfortex.f
CRAY> cc -c cfortest.c
CRAY> segldr -o cfortest.e cfortest.o cfortex.o
CRAY> ./cfortest.e

NEC> cc -c -Xa cfortest.c
NEC> f77 -o cfortest cfortest.o cfortex.f  &&  cfortest

VAX/Ultrix/cc> # For cc on VAX Ultrix only, do the following once to cfortran.h.
VAX/Ultrix/cc> mv cfortran.h cftmp.h && grep -v "^#pragma" <cftmp.h >cfortran.h
                                            
VAX/Ultrix/f77> # In the following, 'CC' is either 'cc' or 'gcc -ansi'. NOT'vcc'
VAX/Ultrix/f77> CC -c -Dmain=MAIN_ cfortest.c
VAX/Ultrix/f77> f77 -o cfortest cfortex.f cfortest.o  &&  cfortest

LynxOS> # In the following, 'CC' is either 'cc' or 'gcc -ansi'.
LynxOS> # Unfortunately cc is easily overwhelmed by cfortran.h,
LynxOS> #  and won't compile some of the cfortest.c demos.
LynxOS> f2c -R cfortex.f
LynxOS> CC -Dlynx -o cfortest cfortest.c cfortex.c -lf2c  &&  cfortest

HP9000> # Tested with HP-UX 7.05 B 9000/380 and with A.08.07 A 9000/730
HP9000> # CC may be either 'c89 -Aa' or 'cc -Aa'
HP9000> #    Depending on the compiler version, you may need to include the
HP9000> #    option '-tp,/lib/cpp' or worse, you'll have to stick to the K&R C.
HP9000> #    [See Section II o) Notes: HP9000]
HP9000> # Users are strongly urged to use f77 +ppu and cc -Dextname
HP9000> # Use -Dextname=extname if extname is a symbol used in the C code.
HP9000> CC  -Dextname -c cfortest.c
HP9000> f77 +ppu         cfortex.f  -o cfortest cfortest.o && cfortest
HP9000> # Older f77 may need
HP9000> f77 -c cfortex.f
HP9000> CC -o cfortest cfortest.c cfortex.o -lI77 -lF77 && cfortest

HP0000> # If old-style f77 +800 compiled objects are required:
HP9000> # #define hpuxFortran800
HP9000> cc -c -Aa -DhpuxFortran800 cfortest.c
HP9000> f77 +800 -o cfortest cfortest.o cfortex.f

f2c> # In the following, 'CC' is any C compiler.
f2c> f2c -R cfortex.f
f2c> CC -o cfortest -Df2cFortran cfortest.c cfortex.c -lf2c  &&  cfortest

Portland Group $ # Presumably other C compilers also work.
Portland Group $ pgcc -DpgiFortran -c cfortest.c
Portland Group $ pgf77 -o cfortest cfortex.f cfortest.o && cfortest

NAGf90> # cfortex.f is distributed with Fortran 77 style comments.
NAGf90> # To convert to f90 style comments do the following once to cfortex.f: 
NAGf90> mv cfortex.f cf_temp.f && sed 's/^C/\!/g' cf_temp.f > cfortex.f
NAGf90> # In the following, 'CC' is any C compiler.
NAGf90> CC -c -DNAGf90Fortran cfortest.c
NAGf90> f90 -o cfortest cfortest.o cfortex.f &&  cfortest

PC> # On a PC with PowerStation Fortran and Visual_C++
PC> cl /c cftest.c
PC> fl32  cftest.obj cftex.for

GNU> # GNU Fortran
GNU> # See Section VI caveat on using 'gcc -traditional'.
GNU> gcc -ansi -Wall -O -c -Df2cFortran cfortest.c
GNU> g77 -ff2c -o cfortest cfortest.o cfortex.f &&  cfortest

AbsoftUNIX> # Absoft Fortran for all UNIX based operating systems.
AbsoftUNIX> # e.g. Linux or Next on Intel or Motorola68000.
AbsoftUNIX> # Absoft f77 -k allows Fortran routines to be safely called from C.
AbsoftUNIX> gcc -ansi -Wall -O -c -DAbsoftUNIXFortran cfortest.c
AbsoftUNIX> f77 -k -o cfortest cfortest.o cfortex.f && cfortest

AbsoftPro> # Absoft Pro Fortran for MacOS
AbsoftPro> # Use #define AbsoftProFortran

CLIPPER> # INTERGRAPH CLIX using CLIPPER C and Fortran compilers.
CLIPPER> # N.B. - User, not cfortran.h, is responsible for
CLIPPER> #        f77initio() and f77uninitio() if required.
CLIPPER> #      - LOGICAL values are not mentioned in CLIPPER doc.s,
CLIPPER> #        so they may not yet be correct in cfortran.h.
CLIPPER> #      - K&R mode (-knr or Ac=knr) breaks FLOAT functions
CLIPPER> #        (see CLIPPER doc.s) and cfortran.h does not fix it up.
CLIPPER> #        [cfortran.h ok for old sun C which made the same mistake.]
CLIPPER> acc cfortest.c -c -DCLIPPERFortran
CLIPPER> af77 cfortex.f cfortest.o -o cfortest


By changing the SELECTion ifdef of cfortest.c and recompiling one can try out
a few dozen different few-line examples.



The benefits of using cfortran.h include:
1. Machine/OS/compiler independent mixing of C and FORTRAN.

2. Identical (within syntax) calls across languages, e.g.
C FORTRAN
      CALL HBOOK1(1,'pT spectrum of pi+',100,0.,5.,0.)
/* C*/
           HBOOK1(1,"pT spectrum of pi+",100,0.,5.,0.);

3. Each routine need only be set up once in its lifetime. e.g.
/* Setting up a FORTRAN routine to be called by C.
   ID,...,VMX are merely the names of arguments.
   These tags must be unique w.r.t. each other but are otherwise arbitrary. */
PROTOCCALLSFSUB6(HBOOK1,hbook1,INT,STRING,INT,FLOAT,FLOAT,FLOAT)
#define HBOOK1(ID,CHTITLE,NX,XMI,XMA,VMX)                        \
     CCALLSFSUB6(HBOOK1,hbook1,INT,STRING,INT,FLOAT,FLOAT,FLOAT, \
               ID,CHTITLE,NX,XMI,XMA,VMX) 

4. Source code is NOT required for the C routines exported to FORTRAN, nor for
   the FORTRAN routines imported to C. In fact, routines are most easily
   prototyped using the information in the routines' documentation.

5. Routines, and the code calling them, can be coded naturally in the language
   of choice. C routines may be coded with the natural assumption of being 
   called only by C code. cfortran.h does all the required work for FORTRAN 
   code to call C routines. Similarly it also does all the work required for C
   to call FORTRAN routines. Therefore:
     - C programmers need not embed FORTRAN argument passing mechanisms into 
       their code.
     - FORTRAN code need not be converted into C code. i.e. The honed and 
       time-honored FORTRAN routines are called by C.

6. cfortran.h is a single ~1700 line C include file; portable to most
   remaining, if not all, platforms.

7. STRINGS and VECTORS of STRINGS along with the usual simple arguments to 
   routines are supported as are functions returning STRINGS or numbers. Arrays
   of pointers to strings and values of structures as C arguments, will soon be
   implemented. After learning the machinery of cfortran.h, users can expand 
   it to create custom types of arguments. [This requires no modification to
   cfortran.h, all the preprocessor directives required to implement the
   custom types can be defined outside cfortran.h]

8. cfortran.h requires each routine to be exported to be explicitly set up. 
   While is usually only be done once in a header file it would be best if
   applications were required to do no work at all in order to cross languages.
   cfortran.h's simple syntax could be a convenient back-end for a program
   which would export FORTRAN or C routines directly from the source code. 


                                    -----

Example 1 - cfortran.h has been used to make the C header file hbook.h, 
            which then gives any C programmer, e.g. example.c, full and 
            completely transparent access to CERN's HBOOK library of routines.
            Each HBOOK routine required about 3 lines of simple code in
            hbook.h. The example also demonstrates how FORTRAN common blocks
            are defined and used.

/* hbook.h */
#include "cfortran.h"
        :
PROTOCCALLSFSUB6(HBOOK1,hbook1,INT,STRING,INT,FLOAT,FLOAT,FLOAT)
#define HBOOK1(ID,CHTITLE,NX,XMI,XMA,VMX)                        \
     CCALLSFSUB6(HBOOK1,hbook1,INT,STRING,INT,FLOAT,FLOAT,FLOAT, \
               ID,CHTITLE,NX,XMI,XMA,VMX) 
        :
/* end hbook.h */

/* example.c */
#include "hbook.h"
        :
typedef struct {
  int lines;  
  int status[SIZE];
  float p[SIZE];  /* momentum */
} FAKE_DEF;
#define FAKE COMMON_BLOCK(FAKE,fake)
COMMON_BLOCK_DEF(FAKE_DEF,FAKE);
        :
main ()
{
        :
           HBOOK1(1,"pT spectrum of pi+",100,0.,5.,0.);
/* c.f. the call in FORTRAN:
      CALL HBOOK1(1,'pT spectrum of pi+',100,0.,5.,0.)
*/
        :
  FAKE.p[7]=1.0;
	:
}           

N.B. i) The routine is language independent.
    ii) hbook.h is machine independent.  
   iii) Applications using routines via cfortran.h are machine independent.

                                    -----

Example 2 - Many VMS System calls are most easily called from FORTRAN, but
            cfortran.h now gives that ease in C.

#include "cfortran.h"

PROTOCCALLSFSUB3(LIB$SPAWN,lib$spawn,STRING,STRING,STRING)
#define LIB$SPAWN(command,input_file,output_file)          \
     CCALLSFSUB3(LIB$SPAWN,lib$spawn,STRING,STRING,STRING, \
                  command,input_file,output_file)

main ()
{
LIB$SPAWN("set term/width=132","","");
}

Obviously the cfortran.h command above could be put into a header file along
with the description of the other system calls, but as this example shows, it's
not much hassle to set up cfortran.h for even a single call.

                                    -----

Example 3 - cfortran.h and the source cstring.c create the cstring.obj library 
            which gives FORTRAN access to all the functions in C's system 
            library described by the system's C header file string.h.

C     EXAMPLE.FOR
      PROGRAM EXAMPLE
      DIMENSION I(20), J(30)
        :
      CALL MEMCPY(I,J,7)
        :
      END

/* cstring.c */
#include <string.h>             /* string.h prototypes memcpy() */
#include "cfortran.h"

        :
FCALLSCSUB3(memcpy,MEMCPY,memcpy,PVOID,PVOID,INT)
        :


The simplicity exhibited in the above example exists for many but not all
machines. Note 4. of Section II ii) details the limitations and describes tools
which try to maintain the best possible interface when FORTRAN calls C
routines.

                                    -----


II Using cfortran.h
-------------------

The user is asked to look at the source files cfortest.c and cfortex.f
for clarification by example.

o) Notes: 

o Specifying the Fortran compiler
  cfortran.h generates interfaces for the default Fortran compiler. The default
can be overridden by defining, 
     . in the code,              e.g.: #define    NAGf90Fortran
  OR . in the compile directive, e.g.: unix> cc -DNAGf90Fortran
one of the following before including cfortran.h:
 NAGf90Fortran   f2cFortran  hpuxFortran  apolloFortran  sunFortran
  IBMR2Fortran  CRAYFortran  mipsFortran     DECFortran  vmsFortran
 CONVEXFortran       PowerStationFortran          AbsoftUNIXFortran
     SXFortran   pgiFortran                        AbsoftProFortran
This also allows crosscompilation.
If wanted, NAGf90Fortran, f2cFortran, DECFortran, AbsoftUNIXFortran,
AbsoftProFortran and pgiFortran must be requested by the user.

o /**/
  cfortran.h (ab)uses the comment kludge /**/ when the ANSI C preprocessor
catenation operator ## doesn't exist. In at least MIPS C, this kludge is
sensitive to  blanks surrounding arguments to macros.
  Therefore, for applications using non-ANSI C compilers, the argtype_i,
routine_name, routine_type and common_block_name arguments to the
PROTOCCALLSFFUNn, CCALLSFSUB/FUNn, FCALLSCSUB/FUNn and COMMON_BLOCK macros 
--- MUST NOT --- be followed by any white space characters such as
blanks, tabs or newlines.

o LOGICAL
  FORTRAN LOGICAL values of .TRUE. and .FALSE. do not agree with the C
representation of TRUE and FALSE on all machines. cfortran.h does the
conversion for LOGICAL and PLOGICAL arguments and for functions returning
LOGICAL. Users must convert arrays of LOGICALs from C to FORTRAN with the 
C2FLOGICALV(array_name, elements_in_array); macro. Similarly, arrays of LOGICAL
values may be converted from the FORTRAN into C representation by using
F2CLOGICALV(array_name, elements_in_array);

  When C passes or returns LOGICAL values to FORTRAN, by default cfortran.h 
only makes the minimal changes required to the value. [e.g. Set/Unset the 
single relevant bit or do nothing for FORTRAN compilers which use 0 as FALSE
and treat all other values as TRUE.] Therefore cfortran.h will pass LOGICALs
to FORTRAN which do not have an identical representation to .TRUE. or .FALSE.
This is fine except for abuses of FORTRAN/77 in the style of:
       logical l
       if (l .eq. .TRUE.)     ! (1)
instead of the correct:
       if (l .eqv. .TRUE.)    ! (2)
or:
       if (l)                 ! (3)
For FORTRAN code which treats LOGICALs from C in the method of (1),
LOGICAL_STRICT must be defined before including cfortran.h, either in the
code, "#define LOGICAL_STRICT", or compile with "cc -DLOGICAL_STRICT".
There is no reason to use LOGICAL_STRICT for FORTRAN code which does not do (1).
At least the IBM's xlf and the Apollo's f77 do not even allow code along the
lines of (1).

  DECstations' DECFortran and MIPS FORTRAN compilers use different internal
representations for LOGICAL values. [Both compilers are usually called f77,
although when both are installed on a single machine the MIPS' one is usually
renamed. (e.g. f772.1 for version 2.10.)] cc doesn't know which FORTRAN
compiler is present, so cfortran.h assumes MIPS f77. To use cc with DECFortran
define the preprocessor constant 'DECFortran'.
e.g.        i)  cc -DDECFortran -c the_code.c
        or  ii) #define DECFortran  /* in the C code or add to cfortran.h. */

  MIPS f77 [SGI and DECstations], f2c, and f77 on VAX Ultrix treat
.eqv./.neqv. as .eq./.ne.. Therefore, for these compilers, LOGICAL_STRICT is
defined by default in cfortran.h. [The Sun and HP compilers have not been
tested, so they may also require LOGICAL_STRICT as the default.]

o SHORT and BYTE 
  They are irrelevant for the CRAY where FORTRAN has no equivalent to C's short.
Similarly BYTE is irrelevant for f2c and for VAX Ultrix f77 and fort. The
author has tested SHORT and BYTE with a modified cfortest.c/cfortex.f on all
machines supported except for the HP9000 and the Sun.

  BYTE is a signed 8-bit quantity, i.e. values are -128 to 127, on all machines
except for the SGI [at least for MIPS Computer Systems 2.0.] On the SGI it is
an unsigned 8-bit quantity, i.e. values are 0 to 255, although the SGI 'FORTRAN
77 Programmers Guide' claims BYTE is signed. Perhaps MIPS 2.0 is dated, since
the DECstations using MIPS 2.10 f77 have a signed BYTE.

  To minimize the difficulties of signed and unsigned BYTE, cfortran.h creates
the type 'INTEGER_BYTE' to agree with FORTRAN's BYTE. Users may define 
SIGNED_BYTE or UNSIGNED_BYTE, before including cfortran.h, to specify FORTRAN's
BYTE. If neither is defined, cfortran.h assumes SIGNED_BYTE.

o CRAY
  The type DOUBLE in cfortran.h corresponds to FORTRAN's DOUBLE PRECISION.
  The type FLOAT  in cfortran.h corresponds to FORTRAN's REAL.

On a classic CRAY [i.e. all models except for the t3e]:
( 64 bit) C float       == C double == Fortran REAL
(128 bit) C long double             == Fortran DOUBLE PRECISION
Therefore when moving a mixed C and FORTRAN app. to/from a classic CRAY,
either the C code will have to change,
or the FORTRAN code and cfortran.h declarations will have to change.
DOUBLE_PRECISION is a cfortran.h macro which provides the former option,
i.e. the C code is automatically changed.
DOUBLE_PRECISION is 'long double' on classic CRAY and 'double' elsewhere.
DOUBLE_PRECISION thus corresponds to FORTRAN's DOUBLE PRECISION
on all machines, including classic CRAY.

On a classic CRAY with the fortran compiler flag '-dp':
Fortran DOUBLE PRECISION thus is also the faster 64bit type.
(This switch is often used since the application is usually satisfied by
 64 bit precision and the application needs the speed.)
DOUBLE_PRECISION is thus not required in this case,
since the classic CRAY behaves like all other machines.
If DOUBLE_PRECISION is used nonetheless, then on the classic CRAY
the default cfortran.h behavior must be overridden,
for example by the C compiler option '-DDOUBLE_PRECISION=double'.

On a CRAY t3e:
(32 bit) C float                   == Fortran Unavailable
(64 bit) C double == C long double == Fortran REAL == Fortran DOUBLE PRECISION
Notes:
- (32 bit) is available as Fortran REAL*4 and
  (64 bit) is available as Fortran REAL*8.
  Since cfortran.h is all about more portability, not about less portability,
  the use of the nonstandard REAL*4 and REAL*8 is strongly discouraged.
- Fortran DOUBLE PRECISION is folded to REAL with the following warning:
    'DOUBLE PRECISION is not supported on this platform.  REAL will be used.'
  Similarly, Fortran REAL*16 is mapped to REAL*8 with a warning.
This behavior differs from that of other machines, including the classic CRAY.
FORTRAN_REAL is thus introduced for the t3e,
just as DOUBLE_PRECISION is introduced for the classic CRAY.
FORTRAN_REAL is 'double' on t3e and 'float' elsewhere.
FORTRAN_REAL thus corresponds to FORTRAN's REAL on all machines, including t3e.


o f2c
  f2c, by default promotes REAL functions to double. cfortran.h does not (yet)
support this, so the f2c -R option must be used to turn this promotion off.

o f2c
[Thanks to Dario Autiero for pointing out the following.]
f2c has a strange feature in that either one or two underscores are appended
to a Fortran name of a routine or common block,
depending on whether or not the original name contains an underscore.

   S.I. Feldman et al., "A fortran to C converter",
   Computing Science Technical Report No. 149.

   page 2, chapter 2: INTERLANGUAGE conventions
   ...........
   To avoid conflict with the names of library routines and with names that
   f2c generates,
   Fortran names may have one or two underscores appended. Fortran names are
   forced to lower case (unless the -U option described in Appendix B is in
   effect); external names, i.e. the names of fortran procedures and common
   blocks, have a single underscore appended if they do not contain any
   underscore and have a pair of underscores appended if they do contain
   underscores. Thus fortran subroutines names ABC, A_B_C and A_B_C_ result
   in C functions named abc_, a_b_c__ and a_b_c___.
   ...........

cfortran.h is unable to change the naming convention on a name by name basis.
Fortran routine and common block names which do not contain an underscore
are unaffected by this feature.
Names which do contain an underscore may use the following work-around:

/* First 2 lines are a completely standard cfortran.h interface
   to the Fortran routine E_ASY . */
                  PROTOCCALLSFSUB2(E_ASY,e_asy, PINT, INT)
#define E_ASY(A,B)     CCALLSFSUB2(E_ASY,e_asy, PINT, INT, A, B)
#ifdef f2cFortran
#define e_asy_ e_asy__
#endif
/* Last three lines are a work-around for the strange f2c naming feature. */

o NAG f90
  The Fortran 77 subset of Fortran 90 is supported. Extending cfortran.h to 
interface C with all of Fortran 90 has not yet been examined.
  The NAG f90 library hijacks the main() of any program and starts the user's 
program with a call to: void f90_main(void);
While this in itself is only a minor hassle, a major problem arises because
NAG f90 provides no mechanism to access command line arguments.
  At least version 'NAGWare f90 compiler Version 1.1(334)' appended _CB to
common block names instead of the usual _. To fix, add this to cfortran.h:
#ifdef old_NAG_f90_CB_COMMON
#define COMMON_BLOCK                 CFC_  /* for all other Fortran compilers */
#else
#define COMMON_BLOCK(UN,LN)          _(LN,_CB)
#endif

o RS/6000
  Using "xlf -qextname ...", which appends an underscore, '_', to all FORTRAN
external references, requires "cc -Dextname ..." so that cfortran.h also
generates these underscores.
Use -Dextname=extname if extname is a symbol used in the C code.
The use of "xlf -qextname" is STRONGLY ENCOURAGED, since it allows for
transparent naming schemes when mixing C and Fortran.

o HP9000
  Using "f77 +ppu      ...", which appends an underscore, '_', to all FORTRAN
external references, requires "cc -Dextname ..." so that cfortran.h also
generates these underscores.
Use -Dextname=extname if extname is a symbol used in the C code.
The use of "f77 +ppu"      is STRONGLY ENCOURAGED, since it allows for
transparent naming schemes when mixing C and Fortran.

  At least one release of the HP /lib/cpp.ansi preprocessor is broken and will
go into an infinite loop when trying to process cfortran.h with the
## catenation operator. The K&R version of cfortran.h must then be used and the
K&R preprocessor must be specified. e.g.
                                         HP9000> cc -Aa -tp,/lib/cpp -c source.c
The same problem with a similar solution exists on the Apollo.
An irrelevant error message '0: extraneous name /usr/include' will appear for
each source file due to another HP bug, and can be safely ignored.
e.g. 'cc -v -c -Aa -tp,/lib/cpp cfortest.c' will show that the driver passes
'-I /usr/include' instead of '-I/usr/include' to /lib/cpp

On some machines the above error causes compilation to stop; one must then use
K&R C, as with old HP compilers which don't support function prototyping.
cfortran.h has to be informed that K&R C is to being used, e.g.
HP9000> cc -D__CF__KnR -c source.c

o AbsoftUNIXFortran
By default, cfortran.h follows the default AbsoftUNIX/ProFortran and prepends _C
to each COMMON BLOCK name. To override the cfortran.h behavior
#define COMMON_BLOCK(UN,LN) before #including cfortran.h.
[Search for COMMON_BLOCK in cfortran.h for examples.]

o Apollo
On at least one release, 'C compiler 68K Rev6.8(168)', the default C 
preprocessor, from cc -A xansi or cc -A ansi, enters an infinite loop when 
using cfortran.h. This Apollo bug can be circumvented by using:
     . cc -DANSI_C_preprocessor=0 to force use of /**/, instead of '##'.
 AND . The pre-ANSI preprocessor, i.e. use cc -Yp,/usr/lib
The same problem with a similar solution exists on the HP.

o Sun
Old versions of cc(1), say <~1986, may require help for cfortran.h applications:
 . #pragma may not be understood, hence cfortran.h and cfortest.c may require
   sun> mv cfortran.h cftmp.h && grep -v "^#pragma" <cftmp.h >cfortran.h
   sun> mv cfortest.c cftmp.c && grep -v "^#pragma" <cftmp.c >cfortest.c
 . Old copies of math.h may not include the following from a newer math.h.
   [For an ancient math.h on a 386 or sparc, get similar from a new math.h.]
   #ifdef mc68000     /* 5 lines Copyright (c) 1988 by Sun Microsystems, Inc. */
   #define FLOATFUNCTIONTYPE	int
   #define RETURNFLOAT(x) 		return (*(int *)(&(x)))
   #define ASSIGNFLOAT(x,y)	*(int *)(&x) = y
   #endif

o CRAY, Sun, Apollo [pre 6.8 cc], VAX Ultrix and HP9000
  Only FORTRAN routines with less than 15 arguments can be prototyped for C,
since these compilers don't allow more than 31 arguments to a C macro. This can
be overcome, [see Section IV], with access to any C compiler without this
limitation, e.g. gcc, on ANY machine.

o VAX Ultrix
  vcc (1) with f77 is not supported. Although: 
VAXUltrix> f77 -c cfortex.f
VAXUltrix> vcc -o cfortest cfortest.c cfortex.o -lI77 -lU77 -lF77  &&  cfortest
will link and run. However, the FORTRAN standard I/O is NOT merged with the
stdin and stdout of C, and instead uses the files fort.6 and fort.5. For vcc,
f77 can't drive the linking, as for gcc and cc, since vcc objects must be
linked using lk (1).  f77 -v doesn't tell much, and without VAX Ultrix manuals,
the author can only wait for the info. required.

  fort (1) is not supported. Without VAX Ultrix manuals the author cannot 
convince vcc/gcc/cc and fort to generate names of routines and COMMON blocks
that match at the linker, lk (1). i.e. vcc/gcc/cc prepend a single underscore
to external references, e.g. NAME becomes _NAME, while fort does not modify the
references. So ... either fort has prepend an underscore to external
references, or vcc/gcc/cc have to generate unmodified names. man 1 fort
mentions JBL, is JBL the only way?

o VAX VMS C
  The compiler 'easily' exhausts its table space and generates:
%CC-F-BUGCHECK, Compiler bug check during parser phase    .
                Submit an SPR with a problem description.
                At line number 777 in DISK:[DIR]FILE.C;1.
where the line given, '777', includes a call across C and FORTRAN via
cfortran.h, usually with >7 arguments and/or very long argument expressions.
This SPR can be staved off, with the simple modification to cfortran.h, such
that the relevant CCALLSFSUBn (or CCALLSFFUNn or FCALLSCFUNn) is not
cascaded up to CCALLSFSUB14, and instead has its own copy of the contents of 
CCALLSFSUB14. [If these instructions are not obvious after examining cfortran.h
please contact the author.]
[Thanks go to Mark Kyprianou (kyp@stsci.edu) for this solution.]

o Mips compilers
  e.g. DECstations and SGI, require applications with a C main() and calls to
GETARG(3F), i.e. FORTRAN routines returning the command line arguments, to use
two macros as shown:
        :
CF_DECLARE_GETARG;              /* This must be external to all routines.     */
        :
main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
        :
CF_SET_GETARG(argc,argv);       /* This must precede any calls to GETARG(3F). */
        :
}
The macros are null and benign on all other systems. Sun's GETARG(3F) also
doesn't work with a generic C main() and perhaps a workaround similar to the
Mips' one exists.

o Alpha/OSF
Using the DEC Fortran and the DEC C compilers of DEC OSF/1 [RT] V1.2 (Rev. 10),
Fortran, when called from C, has occasional trouble using a routine received as
a dummy argument.

e.g. In the following the Fortran routine 'e' will crash when it tries to use
     the C routine 'c' or the Fortran routine 'f'.
     The example works on other systems.

C FORTRAN                           /* C */
      integer function f()          #include <stdio.h>
      f = 2                         int f_();
      return                        int e_(int (*u)());
      end
                                    int c(){ return 1;}
      integer function e(u)         int d (int (*u)()) { return u();}
      integer u
      external u                    main()
      e=u()                         {         /* Calls to d  work.  */
      return                        printf("d (c ) returns %d.\n",d (c ));
      end                           printf("d (f_) returns %d.\n",d (f_));
                                              /* Calls to e_ crash. */
                                    printf("e_(c ) returns %d.\n",e_(c ));
                                    printf("e_(f_) returns %d.\n",e_(f_));
                                    }

Solutions to the problem are welcomed!
A kludge which allows the above example to work correctly, requires an extra
argument to be given when calling the dummy argument function.
i.e. Replacing 'e=u()' by 'e=u(1)' allows the above example to work.


o The FORTRAN routines are called using macro expansions, therefore the usual
caveats for expressions in arguments apply. The expressions to the routines may
be evaluated more than once, leading to lower performance and in the worst case
bizarre bugs.

o For those who wish to use cfortran.h in large applications. [See Section IV.]
This release is intended to make it easy to get applications up and running. 
This implies that applications are not as efficient as they could be:
- The current mechanism is inefficient if a single header file is used to
  describe a large library of FORTRAN functions. Code for a static wrapper fn.
  is generated in each piece of C source code for each FORTRAN function 
  specified with the CCALLSFFUNn statement, irrespective of whether or not the
  function is ever called. 
- Code for several static utility routines internal to cfortran.h is placed 
  into any source code which #includes cfortran.h. These routines should
  probably be in a library.


i) Calling FORTRAN routines from C:
   --------------------------------

The FORTRAN routines are defined by one of the following two instructions:

for a SUBROUTINE:
/* PROTOCCALLSFSUBn is optional for C, but mandatory for C++. */
PROTOCCALLSFSUBn(ROUTINE_NAME,routine_name,argtype_1,...,argtype_n)
#define     Routine_name(argname_1,..,argname_n)               \
CCALLSFSUBn(ROUTINE_NAME,routine_name,argtype_1,...,argtype_n, \
                         argname_1,..,argname_n) 

for a FUNCTION:
PROTOCCALLSFFUNn(routine_type,ROUTINE_NAME,routine_name,argtype_1,...,argtype_n)
#define     Routine_name(argname_1,..,argname_n)               \
CCALLSFFUNn(ROUTINE_NAME,routine_name,argtype_1,...,argtype_n, \
                         argname_1,..,argname_n) 

Where:
'n' = 0->14 [SUBROUTINE's ->27] (easily expanded in cfortran.h to > 14 [27]) is 
    the number of arguments to the routine.
Routine_name = C       name of the routine (IN UPPER CASE LETTERS).[see 2.below]
ROUTINE_NAME = FORTRAN name of the routine (IN UPPER CASE LETTERS).
routine_name = FORTRAN name of the routine (IN lower case LETTERS).
routine_type = the type of argument returned by FORTRAN functions.
             = BYTE, DOUBLE, FLOAT, INT, LOGICAL, LONG, SHORT, STRING, VOID.
               [Instead of VOID one would usually use CCALLSFSUBn.
                VOID forces a wrapper function to be used.]
argtype_i    = the type of argument passed to the FORTRAN routine and must be
               consistent in the definition and prototyping of the routine s.a.
             = BYTE, DOUBLE, FLOAT, INT, LOGICAL, LONG, SHORT, STRING.
             For vectors, i.e. 1 dim. arrays use 
             = BYTEV, DOUBLEV, FLOATV, INTV, LOGICALV, LONGV, SHORTV, 
               STRINGV, ZTRINGV.
             For vectors of vectors, i.e. 2 dim. arrays use
             = BYTEVV, DOUBLEVV, FLOATVV, INTVV, LOGICALVV, LONGVV, SHORTVV.
             For n-dim. arrays, 1<=n<=7 [7 is the maximum in Fortran 77],
             = BYTEV..nV's..V, DOUBLEV..V, FLOATV..V, INTV..V, LOGICALV..V, 
               LONGV..V, SHORTV..V.
                N.B. Array dimensions and types are checked by the C compiler.
             For routines changing the values of an argument, the keyword is 
                  prepended by a 'P'.
             = PBYTE, PDOUBLE, PFLOAT, PINT, PLOGICAL, PLONG, PSHORT,
               PSTRING, PSTRINGV, PZTRINGV.
             For EXTERNAL procedures passed as arguments use
             = ROUTINE.
             For exceptional arguments which require no massaging to fit the
                  argument passing mechanisms use
             = PVOID.
                The argument is cast and passed as (void *).
                Although PVOID could be used to describe all array arguments on
                most (all?) machines , it shouldn't be because the C compiler
                can no longer check the type and dimension of the array.
argname_i    = any valid unique C tag, but must be consistent in the definition 
               as shown.

Notes:

1. cfortran.h may be expanded to handle a more argument type. To suppport new
arguments requiring complicated massaging when passed  between Fortran and C,
the user will have to understand cfortran.h and follow its code and mechanisms.

To define types requiring little or no massaging when passed between Fortran 
and C, the pseudo argument type SIMPLE may be used.
For a user defined type called 'newtype', the definitions required are:

/* The following 7 lines are required verbatim.
   'newtype' is the name of the new user defined argument type.
*/
#define newtype_cfV(  T,A,B,F)       SIMPLE_cfV(T,A,B,F)
#define newtype_cfSEP(T,  B)         SIMPLE_cfSEP(T,B)
#define newtype_cfINT(N,A,B,X,Y,Z)   SIMPLE_cfINT(N,A,B,X,Y,Z)
#define newtype_cfSTR(N,T,A,B,C,D,E) SIMPLE_cfSTR(N,T,A,B,C,D,E)
#define newtype_cfCC( T,A,B)         SIMPLE_cfCC(T,A,B)
#define newtype_cfAA( T,A,B)         newtype_cfB(T,A) /* Argument B not used. */
#define newtype_cfU(  T,A)           newtype_cfN(T,A)

/* 'parameter_type(A)' is a declaration for 'A' and describes the type of the 
parameter expected by the Fortran function.  This type will be used in the
prototype for the function, if  using ANSI C, and to declare the argument used
by the intermediate function if calling a Fortran FUNCTION.
Valid 'parameter_type(A)' include: int A
                                   void (*A)()
                                   double A[17]
*/
#define newtype_cfN(  T,A)     parameter_type(A)      /* Argument T not used. */

/* Before any argument of the new type is passed to the Fortran routine, it may
be massaged as given by 'massage(A)'.
*/
#define newtype_cfB(  T,A)     massage(A)             /* Argument T not used. */

An example of a simple user defined type is given cfortex.f and cfortest.c.
Two uses of SIMPLE user defined types are [don't show the 7 verbatim #defines]:

/* Pass the address of a structure, using a type called PSTRUCT */
#define PSTRUCT_cfN(  T,A)        void *A
#define PSTRUCT_cfB(  T,A)       (void *) &(A)

/* Pass an integer by value, (not standard F77 ), using a type called INTVAL */
#define INTVAL_cfN(   T,A)      int A
#define INTVAL_cfB(   T,A)         (A)

[If using VAX VMS, surrounding the #defines with "#pragma (no)standard" allows
 the %CC-I-PARAMNOTUSED messages to be avoided.]

Upgrades to cfortran.h try to be, and have been, backwards compatible. This
compatibility cannot be offered to user defined types. SIMPLE user defined 
types are less of a risk since they require so little effort in their creation.
If a user defined type is required in more than one C header file of interfaces
to libraries of Fortran routines, good programming practice, and ease of code
maintenance, suggests keeping any user defined type within a single file which
is #included as required. To date, changes to the SIMPLE macros were introduced
in versions 2.6, 3.0 and 3.2 of cfortran.h.


2. Routine_name is the name of the macro which the C programmer will use in
order to call a FORTRAN routine. In theory Routine_name could be any valid and
unique name, but in practice, the name of the FORTRAN routine in UPPER CASE
works everywhere and would seem to be an obvious choice.


3. <BYTE|DOUBLE|BYTE|DOUBLE|FLOAT|INT|LOGICAL|LONG|SHORT><V|VV|VVV|...>

cfortran.h encourages the exact specification of the type and dimension of
array parameters because it allows the C compiler to detect errors in the
arguments when calling the routine.

cfortran.h does not strictly require the exact specification since the argument 
is merely the address of the array and is passed on to the calling routine.
Any array parameter could be declared as PVOID, but this circumvents
C's compiletime ability to check the correctness of arguments and is therefore
discouraged.

Passing the address of these arguments implies that PBYTEV, PFLOATV, ... ,
PDOUBLEVV, ... don't exist in cfortran.h, since by default the routine and the
calling code share the same array, i.e. the same values at the same memory
location.

These comments do NOT apply to arrays of (P)S/ZTRINGV. For these parameters,
cfortran.h passes a massaged copy of the array to the routine. When the routine
returns, S/ZTRINGV ignores the copy, while PS/ZTRINGV replaces the calling
code's original array with copy, which may have been modified by the called
routine.


4. (P)STRING(V):
- STRING - If the argument is a fixed length character array, e.g. char ar[8];,
the string is blank, ' ', padded on the right to fill out the array before
being passed to the FORTRAN routine. The useful size of the string is the same
in both languages, e.g. ar[8] is passed as character*7. If the argument is a
pointer, the string cannot be blank padded, so the length is passed as
strlen(argument). On return from the FORTRAN routine, pointer arguments are not
disturbed, but arrays have the terminating '\0' replaced to its original
position. i.e. The padding blanks are never visible to the C code.

- PSTRING - The argument is massaged as with STRING before being passed to the
FORTRAN routine. On return, the argument has all trailing blanks removed,
regardless of whether the argument was a pointer or an array.

- (P)STRINGV - Passes a 1- or 2-dimensional char array. e.g. char a[7],b[6][8];
STRINGV may thus also pass a string constant, e.g. "hiho".
(P)STRINGV does NOT pass a pointer, e.g. char *, to either a 1- or a
2-dimensional array, since it cannot determine the array dimensions.
A pointer can only be passed using (P)ZTRINGV.
N.B. If a C routine receives a character array argument, e.g. char a[2][3],
     such an argument is actually a pointer and my thus not be passed by
     (P)STRINGV. Instead (P)ZTRINGV must be used.

- STRINGV - The elements of the argument are copied into space malloc'd, and
each element is padded with blanks. The useful size of each element is the same
in both languages. Therefore char bb[6][8]; is equivalent to character*7 bb(6).
On return from the routine the malloc'd space is simply released.

- PSTRINGV - Since FORTRAN has no trailing '\0', elements in an array of
strings are contiguous. Therefore each element of the C array is padded with
blanks and strip out C's trailing '\0'. After returning from the routine, the
trailing '\0' is reinserted and kill the trailing blanks in each element.

- SUMMARY: STRING(V) arguments are blank padded during the call to the FORTRAN
routine, but remain original in the C code. (P)STRINGV arguments are blank
padded for the FORTRAN call, and after returning from FORTRAN trailing blanks
are stripped off.


5. (P)ZTRINGV:
- (P)ZTRINGV - is identical to (P)STRINGV,
except that the dimensions of the array of strings is explicitly specified,
which thus also allows a pointer to be passed.
(P)ZTRINGV can thus pass a 1- or 2-dimensional char array, e.g. char b[6][8],
or it can pass a pointer to such an array, e.g. char *p;.
ZTRINGV may thus also pass a string constant, e.g. "hiho".
If passing a 1-dimensional array, routine_name_ELEMS_j (see below) must be 1.
[Users of (P)ZTRINGV should examine cfortest.c for examples.]:

- (P)ZTRINGV must thus be used instead of (P)STRINGV whenever sizeof()
can't be used to determine the dimensions of the array of string or strings.
e.g. when calling FORTRAN from C with a char * received by C as an argument.

- There is no (P)ZTRING type, since (P)ZTRINGV can pass a 1-dimensional
array or a pointer to such an array, e.g. char a[7], *b;
If passing a 1-dimensional array, routine_name_ELEMS_j (see below) must be 1.

- To specify the numbers of elements,
routine_name_ELEMS_j and routine_name_ELEMLEN_j must be defined as shown below
before interfacing the routine with CCALLSFSUBn, PROTOCCALLSFFUNn, etc.

#define routine_name_ELEMS_j   ZTRINGV_ARGS(k)       
                                 [..ARGS for subroutines, ..ARGF for functions.]
or
#define routine_name_ELEMS_j   ZTRINGV_NUM(l)
Where: routine_name is as above.
       j            [1-n], is the argument being specifying.
       k            [1-n], the value of the k'th argument is the dynamic number
                    of elements for argument j. The k'th argument must be
                    of type BYTE, DOUBLE, FLOAT, INT, LONG or SHORT.
       l            the number of elements for argument j. This must be an
                    integer constant available at compile time.
                    i.e. it is static.

- Similarly to specify the useful length, [i.e. don't count C's trailing '\0',]
of each element:
#define routine_name_ELEMLEN_j ZTRINGV_ARGS(m)
                                 [..ARGS for subroutines, ..ARGF for functions.]
or
#define routine_name_ELEMLEN_j ZTRINGV_NUM(q)
Where: m            [1-n], as for k but this is the length of each element. 
       q            as for l but this is the length of each element. 


6. ROUTINE
The argument is an EXTERNAL procedure.

When C passes a routine to Fortran, the language of the function must be
specified as follows:  [The case of some_*_function must be given as shown.]

When C passes a C routine to a Fortran: 
    FORTRAN_ROUTINE(arg1, .... ,       
                    C_FUNCTION(SOME_C_FUNCTION,some_c_function),
                    ...., argn);

and similarly when C passes a Fortran routine to Fortran:
    FORTRAN_ROUTINE(arg1, .... ,
                    FORTRAN_FUNCTION(SOME_FORT_FUNCTION,some_fort_function),
                    ...., argn);

If fcallsc has been redefined; the same definition of fcallsc used when creating
the wrapper for 'some_c_function' must also be defined when C_FUNCTION is used.
See ii) 4. of this section for when and how to redefine fcallsc.

ROUTINE was introduced with cfortran.h version 2.6. Earlier versions of
cfortran.h used PVOID to pass external procedures as arguments. Using PVOID for
this purpose is no longer recommended since it won't work 'as is' for
apolloFortran, hpuxFortran800, AbsoftUNIXFortran, AbsoftProFortran.

7. CRAY only: 
In a given piece of source code, where FFUNC is any FORTRAN routine,
FORTRAN_FUNCTION(FFUNC,ffunc)
disallows a previous 
#define FFUNC(..) CCALLSFSUBn(FFUNC,ffunc,...) [ or CCALLSFFUNn]
in order to make the UPPER CASE FFUNC callable from C.
#define Ffunc(..) ... is OK though, as are obviously any other names.


ii) Calling C routines from FORTRAN:
    --------------------------------

Each of the following two statements to export a C routine to FORTRAN create
FORTRAN 'wrappers', written in C, which must be compiled and linked along with
the original C routines and with the FORTRAN calling code.

FORTRAN callable 'wrappers' may also be created for C macros. i.e. in this
section, the term 'C function' may be replaced by 'C macro'.

for C functions returning void:
FCALLSCSUBn(             Routine_name,ROUTINE_NAME,routine_name,argtype_1,...,argtype_n)

for all other C functions:
FCALLSCFUNn(routine_type,Routine_name,ROUTINE_NAME,routine_name,argtype_1,...,argtype_n)

Where:
'n' = 0->27 (easily expanded to > 27) stands for the number of arguments to the 
    routine.
Routine_name = the C       name of the routine. [see 9. below]
ROUTINE_NAME = the FORTRAN name of the routine (IN UPPER CASE LETTERS).
routine_name = the FORTRAN name of the routine (IN lower case LETTERS).
routine_type = the type of argument returned by C functions.
             = BYTE, DOUBLE, FLOAT, INT, LOGICAL, LONG, SHORT, STRING, VOID.
               [Instead of VOID, FCALLSCSUBn is recommended.]
argtype_i    = the type of argument passed to the FORTRAN routine and must be
               consistent in the definition and prototyping of the routine
             = BYTE, DOUBLE, FLOAT, INT, LOGICAL, LONG, SHORT, STRING.
             For vectors, i.e. 1 dim. arrays use 
             = BYTEV, DOUBLEV, FLOATV, INTV, LOGICALV, LONGV, SHORTV, STRINGV.
             For vectors of vectors, 2 dim. arrays use
             = BYTEVV, DOUBLEVV, FLOATVV, INTVV, LOGICALVV, LONGVV, SHORTVV.
             For n-dim. arrays use
             = BYTEV..nV's..V, DOUBLEV..V, FLOATV..V, INTV..V, LOGICALV..V, 
               LONGV..V, SHORTV..V.
             For routines changing the values of an argument, the keyword is 
                  prepended by a 'P'.
             = PBYTE, PDOUBLE, PFLOAT, PINT, PLOGICAL, PLONG, PSHORT, 
               PSTRING, PNSTRING, PPSTRING, PSTRINGV.
             For EXTERNAL procedures passed as arguments use
             = ROUTINE.
             For exceptional arguments which require no massaging to fit the
                  argument passing mechanisms use
             = PVOID.
                The argument is cast and passed as (void *).


Notes:

0. For Fortran calling C++ routines, C++ does NOT easily allow support for: 
   STRINGV.
   BYTEVV, DOUBLEVV, FLOATVV, INTVV, LOGICALVV, LONGVV, SHORTVV.
   BYTEV..V, DOUBLEV..V, FLOATV..V, INTV..V, LOGICALV..V, LONGV..V, SHORTV..V.
Though there are ways to get around this restriction,
the restriction is not serious since these types are unlikely to be used as
arguments for a C++ routine.

1. FCALLSCSUB/FUNn expect that the routine to be 'wrapped' has been properly
prototyped, or at least declared.


2. cfortran.h may be expanded to handle a new argument type not already among
the above. 


3. <BYTE|DOUBLE|BYTE|DOUBLE|FLOAT|INT|LOGICAL|LONG|SHORT><V|VV|VVV|...>

cfortran.h encourages the exact specification of the type and dimension of
array parameters because it allows the C compiler to detect errors in the
arguments when declaring the routine using FCALLSCSUB/FUNn, assuming the
routine to be 'wrapped' has been properly prototyped.

cfortran.h does not strictly require the exact specification since the argument 
is merely the address of the array and is passed on to the calling routine.
Any array parameter could be declared as PVOID, but this circumvents
C's compiletime ability to check the correctness of arguments and is therefore
discouraged.

Passing the address of these arguments implies that PBYTEV, PFLOATV, ... ,
PDOUBLEVV, ... don't exist in cfortran.h, since by default the routine and the
calling code share the same array, i.e. the same values at the same memory
location.

These comments do NOT apply to arrays of (P)STRINGV. For these parameters,
cfortran.h passes a massaged copy of the array to the routine. When the routine
returns, STRINGV ignores the copy, while PSTRINGV replaces the calling
code's original array with copy, which may have been modified by the called
routine.


4. (P(N))STRING arguments have any trailing blanks removed before being passed
to C, the same holds true for each element in (P)STRINGV. Space is malloc'd in
all cases big enough to hold the original string (elements) as well as C's
terminating '\0'. i.e. The useful size of the string (elements) is the same in
both languages. P(N)STRING(V) => the string (elements) will be copied from the
malloc'd space back into the FORTRAN bytes. If one of the two escape mechanisms
mentioned below for PNSTRING has been used, the copying back to FORTRAN is
obviously not relevant.


5. (PN)STRING's, [NOT PSTRING's nor (P)STRINGV's,] behavior may be overridden
in two cases.  In both cases PNSTRING and STRING behave identically.

a) If a (PN)STRING argument's first 4 bytes are all the NUL character,
i.e. '\0\0\0\0' the NULL pointer is passed to the C routine.

b) If the characters of a (PN)STRING argument contain at least one HEX-00, i.e.
the NUL character, i.e. C strings' terminating '\0', the address of the string
is simply passed to the C routine. i.e. The argument is treated in this case as
it would be with PPSTRING, to which we refer the reader for more detail.

Mechanism a) overrides b). Therefore, to use this mechanism to pass the NULL
string, "", to C, the first character of the string must obviously be the NUL
character, but of the first 4 characters in the string, at least one must not
be HEX-00.

Example:
C FORTRAN                         /* C */
      character*40 str            #include "cfortran.h"
C Set up a NULL as :              void cs(char *s) {if (s) printf("%s.\n",s);}
C    i)  4 NUL characters.        FCALLSCSUB1(cs,CS,cs,STRING)
C    ii) NULL pointer.
      character*4 NULL        
      NULL = CHAR(0)//CHAR(0)//CHAR(0)//CHAR(0)

      data str/'just some string'/

C Passing the NULL pointer to cs.
      call cs(NULL)
C Passing a copy of 'str' to cs.
      call cs(str)
C Passing address of 'str' to cs. Trailing blanks NOT killed.
      str(40:) = NULL
      call cs(str)
      end

Strings passed from Fortran to C via (PN)STRING must not have undefined
contents, otherwise undefined behavior will result, since one of the above two
escape mechanisms may occur depending on the contents of the string.

This is not be a problem for STRING arguments, which are read-only in the C
routine and hence must have a well defined value when being passed in.

PNSTRING arguments require special care. Even if they are write-only in the C
routine, PNSTRING's above two escape mechanisms require that the value of the
argument be well defined when being passed in from Fortran to C. Therefore,
unless one or both of PNSTRING's escape mechanisms are required, PSTRING should
be used instead of PNSTRING.
Prior to version 2.8, PSTRING did have the above two escape mechanisms,
but they were removed from PSTRING to allow strings with undefined contents to
be passed in. PNSTRING behaves like the old PSTRING.
[Thanks go to Paul Dubois (dubios@icf.llnl.gov) for pointing out that PSTRING
 must allow for strings with undefined contents to be passed in.]

Example:
C FORTRAN                         /* C */
      character*10 s,sn           #include "cfortran.h"
                                  void ps(char *s) {strcpy(s,"hello");}
C Can   call ps  with undef. s.   FCALLSCSUB1(ps,PS,ps,PSTRING)
      call ps(s)                  FCALLSCSUB1(ps,PNS,pns,PNSTRING)
      print *,s,'=s'
                              
C Can't call pns with undef. s.
C e.g. If first 4 bytes of s were
C      "\0\0\0\0", ps would try
C      to copy to NULL because
C      of PNSTRING mechanism.
      sn = ""
      call pns(sn)
      print *,sn,'=sn'
                                               
      end


6. PPSTRING
The address of the string argument is simply passed to the C routine. Therefore
the C routine and the FORTRAN calling code share the same string at the same
memory location. If the C routine modifies the string, the string will also be
modified for the FORTRAN calling code.
The user is responsible for negociating the differences in representation of a
string in Fortran and in C, i.e. the differences are not automatically resolved
as they are for (P(N)STRING(V).
This mechanism is provided for two reasons:
   - Some C routines require the string to exist at the given memory location, 
     after the C routine has exited. Recall that for the usual (P(N)STRING(V)
     mechanism, a copy of the FORTRAN string is given to the C routine, and this
     copy ceases to exist after returning to the FORTRAN calling code.
   - This mechanism can save runtime CPU cycles over (P(N)STRING(V), since it
     does not perform their malloc, copy and kill trailing blanks of the string
     to be passed.
     Only in a small minority of cases does the potential benefit of the saved
     CPU cycles outweigh the programming effort required to manually resolve
     the differences in representation of a string in Fortran and in C.

For arguments passed via PPSTRING, the argument passed may also be an array of
strings.


7. ROUTINE
ANSI C requires that the type of the value returned by the routine be known,
For all ROUTINE arguments passed from Fortran to C, the type of ROUTINE is
specified by defining a cast as follows:

#undef  ROUTINE_j
#define ROUTINE_j   (cast)
where:
       j            [1-n], is the argument being specifying.
       (cast)       is a cast matching that of the argument expected by the C
                    function protoytpe for which a wrapper is being defined.

e.g. To create a Fortran wrapper for qsort(3C):
#undef  ROUTINE_4
#define ROUTINE_4 (int (*)(void *,void *))
FCALLSCSUB4(qsort,FQSORT,fqsort,PVOID,INT,INT,ROUTINE)

In order to maintain backward compatibility, cfortran.h defines a generic cast
for ROUTINE_1, ROUTINE_2, ..., ROUTINE_27. The user's definition is therefore
strictly required only for DEC C, which at the moment is the only compiler
which insists on the correct cast for pointers to functions.

When using the ROUTINE argument inside some Fortran code:
- it is difficult to pass a C routine as the parameter,
  since in many Fortran implementations,
  Fortran has no access to the normal C namespace.
  e.g. For most UNIX,
       Fortran implicitly only has access to C routines ending in _.
  If the calling Fortran code receives the routine as a parameter
  it can of course easily pass it along.
- if a Fortran routine is passed directly as the parameter,
  the called C routine must call the parameter routine
  using the Fortran argument passing conventions.
- if a Fortran routine is to be passed as the parameter,
  but if Fortran can be made to pass a C routine as the parameter,
  then it may be best to pass a C-callable wrapper for the Fortran routine.
  The called C routine is thus spared all Fortran argument passing conventions.
  cfortran.h can be used to create such a C-callable wrapper
  to the parameter Fortran routine.

ONLY PowerStationFortran:
This Fortran provides no easy way to pass a Fortran routine as an argument to a
C routine. The problem arises because in Fortran the stack is cleared by the
called routine, while in C/C++ it is cleared by the caller.
The C/C++ stack clearing behavior can be changed to that of Fortran by using
stdcall__ in the function prototype. The stdcall__ cannot be applied in this
case since the called C routine expects the ROUTINE parameter to be a C routine
and does not know that it should apply stdcall__.
In principle the cfortran.h generated Fortran callable wrapper for the called C
routine should be able to massage the ROUTINE argument such that stdcall__ is
performed, but it is not yet known how this could be easily done.


8. THE FOLLOWING INSTRUCTIONS ARE NOT REQUIRED FOR VAX VMS
                                  ------------
(P)STRINGV information [NOT required for VAX VMS]: cfortran.h cannot convert
the FORTRAN vector of STRINGS to the required C vector of STRINGS without
explicitly knowing the number of elements in the vector. The application must
do one of the following for each (P)STRINGV argument in a routine before that
routine's FCALLSCFUNn/SUBn is called:

#define routine_name_STRV_Ai NUM_ELEMS(j)
 or
#define routine_name_STRV_Ai NUM_ELEM_ARG(k)
 or
#define routine_name_STRV_Ai TERM_CHARS(l,m)

where: routine_name     is as above.
       i [i=1->n.]      specifies the argument number of a STRING VECTOR.
       j                would specify a fixed number of elements. 
       k [k=1->n. k!=i] would specify an integer argument which specifies the
                        number of elements.
       l [char]         the terminating character at the beginning of an
                        element, indicating to cfortran.h that the preceding
                        elements in the vector are the valid ones.
       m [m=1-...]      the number of terminating characters required to appear
                        at the beginning of the terminating string element.
                        The terminating element is NOT passed on to 
                        the C routine.

e.g.      #define ce_STRV_A1 TERM_CHARS(' ',2)
          FCALLSCSUB1(ce,CE,ce,STRINGV)

cfortran.h will pass on all elements, in the 1st and only argument to the C
routine ce, of the STRING VECTOR until, but not including, the first string
element beginning with 2 blank, ' ', characters.


9. INSTRUCTIONS REQUIRED ONLY FOR FORTRAN COMPILERS WHICH GENERATE
                -------------     
   ROUTINE NAMES WHICH ARE UNDISTINGUISHABLE FROM C ROUTINE NAMES
   i.e. VAX VMS
        AbsoftUNIXFortran (AbsoftProFortran ok, since it uses Uppercase names.)
        HP9000      if not using the +ppu      option of f77
        IBM RS/6000 if not using the -qextname option of xlf
   Call them the same_namespace compilers.

FCALLSCSUBn(...) and FCALLSCFUNn(...), when compiled, are expanded into
'wrapper' functions, so called because they wrap around the original C 
functions and interface the format of the original C functions' arguments and
return values with the format of the FORTRAN call.

Ideally one wants to be able to call the C routine from FORTRAN using the same
name as the original C name. This is not a problem for FORTRAN compilers which
append an underscore, '_', to the names of routines, since the original C
routine has the name 'name', and the FORTRAN wrapper is called 'name_'.
Similarly, if the FORTRAN compiler generates upper case names for routines, the
original C routine 'name' can have a wrapper called 'NAME', [Assuming the C
routine name is not in upper case.] For these compilers, e.g. Mips, CRAY, IBM
RS/6000 'xlf -qextname', HP-UX 'f77 +ppu', the naming of the wrappers is done
automatically.

For same_namespace compilers things are not as simple, but cfortran.h tries to
provide tools and guidelines to minimize the costs involved in meeting their
constraints. The following two options can provide same_namespace compilers
with distinct names for the wrapper and the original C function.

These compilers are flagged by cfortran.h with the CF_SAME_NAMESPACE  constant,
so that the change in the C name occurs only when required.

For the remainder of the discussion, routine names generated by FORTRAN
compilers are referred to in lower case, these names should be read as upper
case for the appropriate compilers.


HP9000: (When f77 +ppu is not used.)
f77 has a -U option which forces uppercase external names to be generated.
Unfortunately, cc does not handle recursive macros. Hence, if one wished to use
-U for separate C and FORTRAN namespaces, one would have to adopt a different
convention of naming the macros which allow C to call FORTRAN subroutines.
(Functions are not a problem.) The macros are currently the uppercase of the
original FORTRAN name, and would have to be changed to lower case or mixed
case, or to a different name. (Lower case would of course cause conflicts on
many other machines.) Therefore, it is suggested that f77 -U  not be used, and
instead that Option a) or Option b) outlined below be used.


VAX/VMS:
For the name used by FORTRAN in calling a C routine to be the same as that of
the C routine, the source code of the C routine is required. A preprocessor
directive can then force the C compiler to generate a different name for the C
routine. 
e.g.                #if defined(vms)
                    #define name name_
                    #endif
                    void name() {printf("name: was called.\n");}
                    FCALLSCSUB0(name,NAME,name)

In the above, the C compiler generates the original routine with the name
'name_' and a wrapper called 'NAME'. This assumes that the name of the routine,
as seen by the C programmer, is not in upper case. The VAX VMS linker is not
case sensitive, allowing cfortran.h to export the upper case name as the
wrapper, which then doesn't conflict with the routine name in C. Since the IBM,
HP and AbsoftUNIXFortran platforms have case sensitive linkers
this technique is not available to them.

The above technique is required even if the C name is in mixed case, see 
Option a) for the other compilers, but is obviously not required when 
Option b) is used.


Option a) Mixed Case names for the C routines to be called by FORTRAN.

If the original C routines have mixed case names, there are no name space
conflicts.

Nevertheless for VAX/VMS, the technique outlined above must also used.


Option b) Modifying the names of C routines when used by FORTRAN:

The more robust naming mechanism, which guarantees portability to all machines, 
'renames' C routines when called by FORTRAN. Indeed, one must change the names
on same_namespace compilers when FORTRAN calls C routines for which the source
is unavailable. [Even when the source is available, renaming may be preferable
to Option a) for large libraries of C routines.]

Obviously, if done for a single type of machine, it must be done for all
machines since the names of routines used in FORTRAN code cannot be easily
redefined for different machines.

The simplest way to achieve this end is to do explicitly give the modified
FORTRAN name in the FCALLSCSUBn(...) and FCALLSCFUNn(...) declarations. e.g.

FCALLSCSUB0(name,CFNAME,cfname)

This allows FORTRAN to call the C routine 'name' as 'cfname'. Any name can of
course be used for a given routine when it is called from FORTRAN, although
this is discouraged due to the confusion it is sure to cause.  e.g. Bizarre,
but valid and allowing C's 'call_back' routine to be called from FORTRAN as
'abcd':

FCALLSCSUB0(call_back,ABCD,abcd)


cfortran.h also provides preprocessor directives for a systematic 'renaming' of
the C routines when they are called from FORTRAN. This is done by redefining
the fcallsc macro before the FCALLSCSUB/FUN/n declarations as follows:

#undef  fcallsc
#define fcallsc(UN,LN) preface_fcallsc(CF,cf,UN,LN)

FCALLSCSUB0(hello,HELLO,hello)

Will cause C's routine 'hello' to be known in FORTRAN as 'cfhello'. Similarly
all subsequent FCALLSCSUB/FUN/n declarations will generate wrappers to allow
FORTRAN to call C with the C routine's name prefaced by 'cf'. The following has
the same effect, with subsequent FCALLSCSUB/FUN/n's appending the modifier to
the original C routines name.

#undef  fcallsc
#define fcallsc(UN,LN) append_fcallsc(Y,y,UN,LN)

FCALLSCSUB0(Xroutine,ROUTINE,routine)

Hence, C's Xroutine is called from FORTRAN as:
       CALL XROUTINEY()

The original behavior of FCALLSCSUB/FUN/n, where FORTRAN routine names are left
identical to those of C, is returned using:

#undef  fcallsc
#define fcallsc(UN,LN) orig_fcallsc(UN,LN)


In C, when passing a C routine, i.e. its wrapper, as an argument to a FORTRAN
routine, the FORTRAN name declared is used and the correct fcallsc must be in
effect. E.g. Passing 'name' and 'routine' of the above examples to the FORTRAN
routines, FT1 and FT2, respectively:

/* This might not be needed if fcallsc is already orig_fcallsc. */
#undef  fcallsc
#define fcallsc(UN,LN) orig_fcallsc(UN,LN)
FT1(C_FUNCTION(CFNAME,cfname));

#undef  fcallsc
#define fcallsc(UN,LN) append_fcallsc(Y,y,UN,LN)
FT1(C_FUNCTION(XROUTINE,xroutine));

If the names of C routines are modified when used by FORTRAN, fcallsc would
usually be defined once in a header_file.h for the application. This definition
would then be used and be valid for the entire application and fcallsc would at
no point need to be redefined.


ONCE AGAIN: THE DEFINITIONS, INSTRUCTIONS, DECLARATIONS AND DIFFICULTIES
DESCRIBED HERE, NOTE 9. of II ii), 
APPLY ONLY FOR VAX VMS,
               IBM RS/6000 WITHOUT THE -qextname OPTION FOR xlf, OR
               HP-UX       WITHOUT THE +ppu      OPTION FOR f77
               AbsoftUNIXFortran
AND APPLY ONLY WHEN CREATING WRAPPERS WHICH ENABLE FORTRAN TO CALL C ROUTINES.



iii) Using C to manipulate FORTRAN COMMON BLOCKS:
     -------------------------------------------------------

FORTRAN common blocks are set up with the following three constructs:

1.
#define Common_block_name COMMON_BLOCK(COMMON_BLOCK_NAME,common_block_name)

Common_block_name is in UPPER CASE. 
COMMON_BLOCK_NAME is in UPPER CASE.
common_block_name is in lower case. 
[Common_block_name actually follows the same 'rules' as Routine_name in Note 2.
 of II i).] This construct exists to ensure that C code accessing the common
block is machine independent.

2.
COMMON_BLOCK_DEF(TYPEDEF_OF_STRUCT, Common_block_name);

where 
typedef { ... } TYPEDEF_OF_STRUCT;
declares the structure which maps on to the common block. The #define of
Common_block_name must come before the use of COMMON_BLOCK_DEF.

3.
In exactly one of the C source files, storage should be set aside for the
common block with the definition: 

TYPEDEF_OF_STRUCT  Common_block_name;

The above definition may have to be omitted on some machines for a common block
which is initialized by Fortran BLOCK DATA or is declared with a smaller size
in the C routines than in the Fortran routines.

The rules for common blocks are not well defined when linking/loading a mixture
of C and Fortran, but the following information may help resolve problems.

From the 2nd or ANSI ed. of K&R C, p.31, last paragraph:
i)
 An external variable must be defined, exactly once, outside of any function;
 this sets aside storage for it.
ii)
 The variable must also be declared in each function that wants to access it;
 ...
 The declaration ... may be implicit from context.

In Fortran, every routine says 'common /bar/ foo',
i.e. part ii) of the above, but there's no part i) requirement.
cc/ld on some machines don't require i) either.
Therefore, when handling Fortran, and sometimes C,
the loader/linker must automagically set aside storage for common blocks.

Some loaders, including at least one for the CRAY, turn off the
'automagically set aside storage' capability for Fortran common blocks,
if any C object declares that common block.
Therefore, C code should define, i.e. set aside storage,
for the the common block as shown above.

e.g.
C Fortran
      common /fcb/  v,w,x
      character *(13) v, w(4), x(3,2)

/* C */
typedef struct { char v[13],w[4][13],x[2][3][13]; } FCB_DEF;
#define Fcb COMMON_BLOCK(FCB,fcb)
COMMON_BLOCK_DEF(FCB_DEF,Fcb);
FCB_DEF Fcb;      /* Definition, which sets aside storage for Fcb, */
                  /* may appear in at most one C source file.      */


C programs can place a string (or a multidimensional array of strings) into a
FORTRAN common block using the following call:

C2FCBSTR( CSTR, FSTR,DIMENSIONS);

where:

CSTR is a pointer to the first element of C's copy of the string (array). 
     The C code must use a duplicate of, not the original, common block string,
     because the FORTRAN common block does not allocate space for C strings'
     terminating '\0'.

FSTR is a pointer to the first element of the string (array) in the common
     block.

DIMENSIONS is the number of dimensions of string array. 
     e.g. char a[10]      has DIMENSIONS=0.
          char aa[10][17] has DIMENSIONS=1.
          etc...

C2FCBSTR will copy the string (array) from CSTR to FSTR, padding with blanks, 
' ', the trailing characters as required. C2FCBSTR uses DIMENSIONS and FSTR to
determine the lengths of the individual string elements and the total number of
elements in the string array.

Note that:
- the number of string elements in CSTR and FSTR are identical.
- for arrays of strings, the useful lengths of strings in CSTR and FSTR must be
  the same. i.e. CSTR elements each have 1 extra character to accommodate the
  terminating '\0'.
- On most non-ANSI compilers, the DIMENSION argument cannot be prepended by any
  blanks.


FCB2CSTR( FSTR, CSTR,DIMENSIONS)

is the inverse of C2FCBSTR, and shares the same arguments and caveats.
FCB2CSTR copies each string element of FSTR to CSTR, minus FORTRAN strings'
trailing blanks.


cfortran.h USERS ARE STRONGLY URGED TO EXAMINE THE COMMON BLOCK EXAMPLES IN
cfortest.c AND cfortex.f. The use of strings in common blocks is
demonstrated, along with a suggested way for C to imitate FORTRAN EQUIVALENCE'd
variables.


              ===> USERS OF CFORTRAN.H NEED READ NO FURTHER <===


III Some Musings
----------------

cfortran.h is simple enough to be used by the most basic of applications, i.e.
making a single C/FORTRAN routine available to the FORTRAN/C programmers. Yet
cfortran.h is powerful enough to easily make entire C/FORTRAN libraries
available to FORTRAN/C programmers. 


cfortran.h is the ideal tool for FORTRAN libraries which are being (re)written
in C, but are to (continue to) support FORTRAN users. It allows the routines to
be written in 'natural C', without having to consider the FORTRAN argument
passing mechanisms of any machine. It also allows C code accessing these
rewritten routines, to use the C entry point. Without cfortran.h, one risks the
perverse practice of C code calling a C function using FORTRAN argument passing
mechanisms!


Perhaps the philosophy and mechanisms of cfortran.h could be used and extended
to create other language bridges such as ADAFORTRAN, CPASCAL, COCCAM, etc.


The code generation machinery inside cfortran.h, i.e. the global structure is
quite good, being clean and workable as seen by its ability to meet the needs
and constraints of many different compilers. Though the individual instructions
of the A..., C..., T..., R... and K... tables deserve to be cleaned up.



IV  Getting Serious with cfortran.h
-----------------------------------

cfortran.h is set up to be as simple as possible for the casual user. While
this ease of use will always be present, 'hooks', i.e. preprocessor directives,
are required in cfortran.h so that some of the following 'inefficiencies' can
be eliminated if they cause difficulties:

o cfortran.h contains a few small routines for string manipulation. These
routines are declared static and are included and compiled in all source code
which uses cfortran.h. Hooks should be provided in cfortran.h to create an
object file of these routines, allowing cfortran.h to merely prototypes
these routines in the application source code. This is the only 'problem' which
afflicts both halves of cfortran.h. The remaining discussion refers to the C
calls FORTRAN half only.

o Similar to the above routines, cfortran.h generates code for a 'wrapper'
routine for each FUNCTION exported from FORTRAN. Again cfortran.h needs
preprocessor directives to create a single object file of these routines,
and to merely prototype them in the applications.

o Libraries often contain hundreds of routines. While the preprocessor makes
quick work of generating the required interface code from cfortran.h and the
application.h's, it may be convenient for very large stable libraries to have
final_application.h's which already contain the interface code, i.e. these
final_application.h's would not require cfortran.h. [The convenience can be
imagined for the VAX VMS CC compiler which has a fixed amount of memory for
preprocessor directives. Not requiring cfortran.h, with its hundreds of
directives, could help prevent this compiler from choking on its internal
limits quite so often.]

With a similar goal in mind, cfortran.h defines 100's of preprocessor
directives. There is always the potential that these will clash with other tags
in the users code, so final_applications.h, which don't require cfortran.h,
also provide the solution.

In the same vein, routines with more than 14 arguments can not be interfaced by
cfortran.h with compilers which limit C macros to 31 arguments. To resolve this
difficulty, final_application.h's can be created on a compiler without this
limitation.

Therefore, new machinery is required to do:

application.h + cfortran.h => final_application.h

The following example may help clarify the means and ends:

If the following definition of the HBOOK1 routine, the /*commented_out_part*/,
is passed through the preprocessor [perhaps #undefing and #defining preprocessor
constants if creating an application.h for compiler other than that of the
preprocessor being used, e.g. cpp -Umips -DCRAY ... ] :

#include "cfortran.h"
PROTOCCALLSFSUB6(HBOOK1,hbook1,INT,STRING,INT,FLOAT,FLOAT,FLOAT)
/*#define HBOOK1(ID,CHTITLE,NX,XMI,XMA,VMX)                 \*/
     CCALLSFSUB6(HBOOK1,hbook1,INT,STRING,INT,FLOAT,FLOAT,FLOAT, \
                 ID,CHTITLE,NX,XMI,XMA,VMX) 

A function prototype is produced by the PROTOCCALLSFSUB6(...).
Interface code is produced, based on the 'variables', 
ID,CHTITLE,NX,XMI,XMA,VMX, which will correctly massage a HBOOK1 call.
Therefore, adding the #define line:

'prototype code'
#define HBOOK1(ID,CHTITLE,NX,XMI,XMA,VMX)                 \
 'interface code'(ID,CHTITLE,NX,XMI,XMA,VMX)

which is placed into final_application.h.

The only known limitation of the above method does not allow the 'variable'
names to include B1,B2,...,B9,BA,BB,... 

Obviously the machinery to automatically generate final_applications.h from
cfortran.h and applications.h needs more than just some preprocessor
directives, but a fairly simple unix shell script should be sufficient. Any
takers?



V Machine Dependencies of cfortran.h
------------------------------------

Porting cfortran.h applications, e.g. the hbook.h and cstring.c mentioned
above, to other machines is trivial since they are machine independent. Porting
cfortran.h requires a solid knowledge of the new machines C preprocessor, and
its FORTRAN argument passing mechanisms. Logically cfortran.h exists as two
halves, a "C CALLS FORTRAN" and a "FORTRAN CALLS C" utility. In some cases it
may be perfectly reasonable to port only 'one half' of cfortran.h onto a new
system.


The lucky programmer porting cfortran.h to a new machine, must discover the
FORTRAN argument passing mechanisms. A safe starting point is to assume that
variables and arrays are simply passed by reference, but nothing is guaranteed.
Strings, and n-dimensional arrays of strings are a different story. It is
doubtful that any systems do it quite like VAX VMS does it, so that a UNIX or
f2c versions may provide an easier starting point.


cfortran.h uses and abuses the preprocessor's ## operator. Although the ##
operator does not exist in many compilers, many kludges do. cfortran.h uses
/**/ with no space allowed between the slashes, '/', and the macros or tags
to be concatenated. e.g.
#define concat(a,b) a/**/b   /* works*/
main()
{
  concat(pri,ntf)("hello");           /* e.g. */
}
N.B. On some compilers without ##, /**/ may also not work. The author may be
able to offer alternate kludges.



VI Bugs in vendors C compilers and other curiosities
----------------------------------------------------

1. ULTRIX xxxxxx 4.3 1 RISC

Condolences to long suffering ultrix users!
DEC supplies a working C front end for alpha/OSF, but not for ultrix.

From K&R ANSI C p. 231:
   ultrix> cat cat.c
   #define cat(x, y) x ## y
   #define xcat(x,y) cat(x,y)
   cat(cat(1,2),3)
   xcat(xcat(1,2),3)
   ultrix> cc -E cat.c
   123                  <---- Should be: cat(1,2)3
   123                  <---- Correct.
   ultrix> 

The problem for cfortran.h, preventing use of -std and -std1:
   ultrix> cat c.c
   #define cat(x, y) x ## y
   #define xcat(x,y) cat(x,y)
   #define AB(X) X+X
   #define C(E,F,G)  cat(E,F)(G)
   #define X(E,F,G) xcat(E,F)(G)
   C(A,B,2)
   X(A,B,2)
   ultrix> cc -std1 -E c.c
   2+2  
   AB  (2)              <---- ?????????????
   ultrix>
   ultrix> cc -std0 -E c.c
   2+2  
   AB(2)                <---- ?????????????
   ultrix>

Due to further ultrix preprocessor problems,
for all definitions of definitions with arguments,
cfortran.h >= 3.0 includes the arguments and recommends the same,
even though it is not required by ANSI C.
e.g. Users are advised to do
   #define fcallsc(UN,LN) orig_fcallsc(UN,LN)
instead of
   #define fcallsc        orig_fcallsc
since ultrix fails to properly preprocess the latter example.
CRAY used to (still does?) occasionally trip up on this problem.


2. ConvexOS convex C210 11.0 convex

In a program with a C main, output to LUN=6=* from Fortran goes into
$pwd/fort.6 instead of stdout. Presumably, a magic incantation can be called
from the C main in order to properly initialize the Fortran I/O.


3. SunOS 5.3 Generic_101318-69 sun4m sparc

The default data and code alignments produced by cc, gcc and f77 are compatible.
If deviating from the defaults, consistent alignment options must be used
across all objects compiled by cc and f77. [Does gcc provide such options?]


4. SunOS 5.3 Generic_101318-69 sun4m sparc with cc: SC3.0.1 13 Jul 1994
   or equivalently
   ULTRIX 4.4 0 RISC using cc -oldc
   are K&R C preprocessors that suffer from infinite loop macros, e.g.

  zedy03> cat src.c
  #include "cfortran.h"
                            PROTOCCALLSFFUN1(INT,FREV,frev, INTV)
  #define FREV(A1)               CCALLSFFUN1(    FREV,frev, INTV, A1)
  /* To avoid the problem, deletete these ---^^^^--- spaces.    */
  main() { static int a[] = {1,2}; FREV(a); return EXIT_SUCCESS; }

  zedy03> cc -c -Xs -v -DMAX_PREPRO_ARGS=31 -D__CF__KnR src.c
  "src.c", line 4: FREV: actuals too long
  "src.c", line 4: FREV: actuals too long
  .... 3427 more lines of the same message
  "src.c", line 4: FREV: actuals too long
  cc : Fatal error in /usr/ccs/lib/cpp
  Segmentation fault (core dumped) 


5. Older sun C compilers

To link to f77 objects, older sun C compilers require the math.h macros:

#define RETURNFLOAT(x)   { union {double _d; float _f; } _kluge; \
                           _kluge._f = (x); return _kluge._d;   }
#define ASSIGNFLOAT(x,y) { union {double _d; float _f; } _kluge; \
                           _kluge._d = (y); x = _kluge._f;      }

Unfortunately, in at least some copies of the sun math.h, the semi-colon
for 'float _f;' is left out, leading to compiler warnings.

The solution is to correct math.h, or to change cfortran.h to #define 
RETURNFLOAT(x) and ASSIGNFLOAT(x,y) instead of including math.h.


6. gcc version 2.6.3 and probably all other versions as well

Unlike all other C compilers supported by cfortran.h,
'gcc -traditional' promotes to double all functions returning float
as demonstrated bu the following example.

/* m.c */
#include <stdio.h>
int main() { FLOAT_FUNCTION d(); float f; f = d(); printf("%f\n",f); return 0; }

/* d.c */
float d() { return -123.124; }

burow[29] gcc -c -traditional d.c
burow[30] gcc -DFLOAT_FUNCTION=float m.c d.o && a.out
0.000000
burow[31] gcc -DFLOAT_FUNCTION=double m.c d.o && a.out
-123.124001
burow[32]

Thus, 'gcc -traditional' is not supported by cfortran.h.
Support would require the same RETURNFLOAT, etc. macro machinery
present in old sun math.h, before sun gave up the same promotion.


7. CRAY

At least some versions of the t3e and t3d C preprocessor are broken
in the fashion described below.
At least some versions of the t90 C preprocessor do not have this problem.

On the CRAY, all Fortran names are converted to uppercase.
Generally the uppercase name is also used for the macro interface
created by cfortran.h.

For example, in the following interface,
EASY is both the name of the macro in the original C code
and EASY is the name of the resulting function to be called.

#define EASY(A,B)      CCALLSFSUB2(EASY,easy, PINT, INTV, A, B)

The fact that a macro called EASY() expands to a function called EASY()
is not a problem for a working C preprocessor.
From Kernighan and Ritchie, 2nd edition, p.230:

    In both kinds of macro, the replacement token sequence is repeatedly
  rescanned for more identifiers. However, once a given identifier has been
  replaced in a given expansion, it is not replaced if it turns up again during
  rescanning; instead it is left unchanged.

Unfortunately, some CRAY preprocessors are broken and don't obey the above rule.
A work-around is for the user to NOT use the uppercase name
of the name of the macro interface provided by cfortran.h. For example:

#define Easy(A,B)      CCALLSFSUB2(EASY,easy, PINT, INTV, A, B)

Luckily, the above work-around is not required since the following
work-around within cfortran.h also circumvents the bug:

   /* (UN), not UN, is required in order to get around  CRAY preprocessor bug.*/
   #define CFC_(UN,LN)            (UN)      /* Uppercase FORTRAN symbols.     */

Aside: The Visual C++ compiler is happy with UN, but barfs on (UN),
       so either (UN) causes nonstandard C/C++ or Visual C++ is broken.


VII History and Acknowledgements
--------------------------------

1.0 - Supports VAX VMS using C 3.1 and FORTRAN 5.4.                    Oct. '90.
1.0 - Supports Silicon Graphics w. Mips Computer 2.0 f77 and cc.       Feb. '91.
          [Port of C calls FORTRAN half only.]
1.1 - Supports Mips Computer System 2.0 f77 and cc.                    Mar. '91.
          [Runs on at least: Silicon Graphics IRIX 3.3.1
                             DECstations with Ultrix V4.1]
1.2 - Internals made simpler, smaller, faster, stronger.               May  '91.
    - Mips version works on IBM RS/6000, this is now called the unix version.
1.3 - UNIX and VAX VMS versions are merged into a single cfortran.h.   July '91.
    - C can help manipulate (arrays of) strings in FORTRAN common blocks.
    - Dimensions of string arrays arguments can be explicit.
    - Supports Apollo DomainOS 10.2 (sys5.3) with f77 10.7 and cc 6.7.

2.0 - Improved code generation machinery creates K&R or ANSI C.        Aug. '91.
    - Supports Sun, CRAY. f2c with vcc on VAX Ultrix.
    - cfortran.h macros now require routine and COMMON block names in both 
      upper and lower case. No changes required to applications though.
    - PROTOCCALLSFSUBn is eliminated, with no loss to cfortran.h performance.
    - Improved tools and guidelines for naming C routines called by FORTRAN.
2.1 - LOGICAL correctly supported across all machines.                 Oct. '91.
    - Improved support for DOUBLE PRECISION on the CRAY.
    - HP9000 fully supported.
    - VAX Ultrix cc or gcc with f77 now supported.
2.2 - SHORT, i.e. INTEGER*2, and BYTE now supported.                   Dec. '91.
    - LOGICAL_STRICT introduced. More compact and robust internal tables.
    - typeV and typeVV for type = BYTE, DOUBLE, FLOAT, INT, LOGICAL, LONG,SHORT.
    - FORTRAN passing strings and NULL pointer to C routines improved. 
2.3 - Extraneous arguments removed from many internal tables.          May  '92.
    - Introduce pseudo argument type SIMPLE for user defined types.
    - LynxOS using f2c supported. (Tested with LynxOS 2.0 386/AT.)
2.4 - Separation of internal C and Fortran compilation directives.     Oct. '92.
    - f2c and NAG f90 supported on all machines.
2.5 - Minor mod.s to source and/or doc for HP9000, f2c, and NAG f90.   Nov. '92.
2.6 - Support external procedures as arguments with type ROUTINE.      Dec. '92.
2.7 - Support Alpha VMS. Support HP9000 f77 +ppu                       Jan. '93.
    - Support arrays with up to 7 dimensions.
    - Minor mod. of Fortran NULL to C via (P)STRING.
    - Specify the type of ROUTINE passed from Fortran to C [ANSI C requirement.]
    - Macros never receive a null parameter [RS/6000 requirement.]
2.8 - PSTRING for Fortran calls C no longer provides escape to pass    April'93.
      NULL pointer nor to pass address of original string.
      PNSTRING introduced with old PSTRING's behavior.
      PPSTRING introduced to always pass original address of string.
    - Support Alpha/OSF.
    - Document that common blocks used in C should be declared AND defined.

3.0 - Automagic handling of ANSI ## versus K&R /**/ preprocessor op.   March'95.
    - Less chance of name space collisions between cfortran.h and other codes.
    - SIMPLE macros, supporting user defined types, have changed names.
3.1 - Internal macro name _INT not used. Conflicted with IRIX 5.3.     May  '95.
    - SunOS, all versions, should work out of the box.
    - ZTRINGV_ARGS|F(k) may no longer point to a PDOUBLE or PFLOAT argument.
    - ConvexOS 11.0 supported.
3.2 - __hpux no longer needs to be restricted to MAX_PREPRO_ARGS=31.   Oct. '95.
    - PSTRING bug fixed.
    - ZTRINGV_ARGS|F(k) may not point to a PBYTE,PINT,PLONG or PSHORT argument.
    - (P)ZTRINGV machinery improved. Should lead to fewer compiler warnings.
      (P)ZTRINGV no longer limits recursion or the nesting of routines.
    - SIMPLE macros, supporting user defined types, have changed slightly.
3.3 - Supports PowerStation Fortran with Visual C++.                   Nov. '95.
    - g77 should work using f2cFortran, though no changes made for it.
    - (PROTO)CCALLSFFUN10 extended to (PROTO)CCALLSFFUN14.
    - FCALLSCFUN10 and SUB10 extended to FCALLSCFUN14 and SUB14.
3.4 - C++ supported,                                                   Dec. '95.
      but it required the reintroduction of PROTOCCALLSFSUBn for users.
    - HP-UX f77 +800 supported.
3.5 - Absoft UNIX Fortran supported.                                   Sept.'96.
3.6 - Minor corrections to cfortran.doc.                               Oct. '96.
    - Fixed bug for 15th argument. [Thanks to Tom Epperly at Aspen Tech.]
    - For AbsoftUNIXFortran, obey default of prepending _C to COMMON BLOCK name.
    - Fortran calling C with ROUTINE argument fixed and cleaned up.
3.7 - Circumvent IBM and HP "null argument" preprocessor warning.      Oct. '96
3.8 - (P)STRINGV and (P)ZTRINGV can pass a 1- or 2-dim. char array.    Feb. '97
      (P)ZTRINGV thus effectively also provides (P)ZTRING.
    - (P)ZTRINGV accepts a (char *) pointer.
3.9 - Bug fixed for *VVVVV.                                            May  '97
    - f2c: Work-around for strange underscore-dependent naming feature.
    - NEC SX-4 supported.
    - CRAY: LOGICAL conversion uses _btol and _ltob from CRAY's fortran.h.
    - CRAY: Avoid bug of some versions of the C preprocessor.
    - CRAY T3E: FORTRAN_REAL introduced.

4.0 - new/delete now used for C++. malloc/free still used for C.       Jan. '98
    - FALSE no longer is defined by cfortran.h .
    - Absoft Pro Fortran for MacOS supported.
4.1 - COMMA and COLON no longer are defined by cfortran.h .            April'98
    - Bug fixed when 10th arg. or beyond is a string.
      [Rob Lucchesi of NASA-Goddard pointed out this bug.]
    - CCALLSFSUB/FUN extended from 14 to 27 arguments.
    - Workaround SunOS CC 4.2 cast bug. [Thanks to Savrak SAR of CERN.]
4.2 - Portland Group needs -DpgiFortran . [Thank George Lai of NASA.]  June '98
4.3 - (PROTO)CCALLSFSUB extended from 20 to 27 arguments.              July '98


['Support' implies these and more recent releases of the respective
 OS/compilers/linkers can be used with cfortran.h. 
 Earlier releases may also work.]


Acknowledgements:
- CERN very generously sponsored a week in 1994 for me to work on cfortran.h.
- M.L.Luvisetto (Istituto Nazionale Fisica Nucleare - Centro Nazionale
  Analisi Fotogrammi, Bologna, Italy) provided all the support for the port to
  the CRAY. Marisa's encouragement and enthusiasm was also much appreciated.
- J.Bunn (CERN) supported the port to PowerStation Fortran with Visual C++.
- Paul Schenk (UC Riverside, CERN PPE/OPAL) in June 1993 extended cfortran.h 2.7
  to have C++ call Fortran. This was the starting point for full C++ in 3.4.
- Glenn P.Davis of University Corp. for Atmospheric Research (UCAR) / Unidata
  supported the NEC SX-4 port and helped understand the CRAY.
- Tony Goelz of Absoft Corporation ported cfortran.h to Absoft.
- Though cfortran.h has been created in my 'copious' free time, I thank 
  NSERC for their generous support of my grad. student and postdoc years.
- Univ.Toronto, DESY, CERN and others have provided time on their computers.


THIS PACKAGE, I.E. CFORTRAN.H, THIS DOCUMENT, AND THE CFORTRAN.H EXAMPLE
PROGRAMS ARE PROPERTY OF THE AUTHOR WHO RESERVES ALL RIGHTS. THIS PACKAGE AND
THE CODE IT PRODUCES MAY BE FREELY DISTRIBUTED WITHOUT FEES, SUBJECT TO THE
FOLLOWING RESTRICTIONS:
- YOU MUST ACCOMPANY ANY COPIES OR DISTRIBUTION WITH THIS (UNALTERED) NOTICE.
- YOU MAY NOT RECEIVE MONEY FOR THE DISTRIBUTION OR FOR ITS MEDIA 
  (E.G. TAPE, DISK, COMPUTER, PAPER.)
- YOU MAY NOT PREVENT OTHERS FROM COPYING IT FREELY.
- YOU MAY NOT DISTRIBUTE MODIFIED VERSIONS WITHOUT CLEARLY DOCUMENTING YOUR
  CHANGES AND NOTIFYING THE AUTHOR.
- YOU MAY NOT MISREPRESENTED THE ORIGIN OF THIS SOFTWARE, EITHER BY EXPLICIT
  CLAIM OR BY OMISSION.

THE INTENT OF THE ABOVE TERMS IS TO ENSURE THAT THE CFORTRAN.H PACKAGE NOT BE
USED FOR PROFIT MAKING ACTIVITIES UNLESS SOME ROYALTY ARRANGEMENT IS ENTERED
INTO WITH ITS AUTHOR.
              
THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER
EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE
SOFTWARE IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE SOFTWARE PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST
OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION. THE AUTHOR IS NOT RESPONSIBLE
FOR ANY SUPPORT OR SERVICE OF THE CFORTRAN.H PACKAGE.

                                              Burkhard Burow 
                                              burow@desy.de

P.S. Your comments and questions are welcomed and usually promptly answered.

VAX VMS and Ultrix, Alpha, OSF, Silicon Graphics (SGI), DECstation, Mips RISC,
Sun, CRAY, Convex, IBM RS/6000, Apollo DomainOS, HP, LynxOS, f2c, NAG, Absoft,
NEC SX-4, PowerStation and Visual C++ are registered trademarks of their
respective owners.
        
/* end: cfortran.doc */
